一、 條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1. 條件句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式
從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會(huì)產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣根據(jù)不同的時(shí)間有三種不同的形式。

2. 條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的舉例
(1) 將來時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清華大學(xué)的話，他就會(huì)充分利用他的時(shí)間了。

If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要來的話，他會(huì)通知我們一聲。

(2) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的話，它會(huì)幫助我們的。
If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的話，它會(huì)對(duì)你很熟悉。

(3) 過去時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：
If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看過這場(chǎng)電影，我會(huì)把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。
If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早點(diǎn)到那兒，我就會(huì)會(huì)到了李先生。

3. 運(yùn)用條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，須注意的幾個(gè)問題

(1) 當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，可用 was 代替 were。但在倒裝虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)及 if I were you, as it were 中，只能用 were。如：
Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會(huì)去國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)。
If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)。

(2) 有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，須區(qū)別對(duì)待。
①?gòu)木涞膭?dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。如：
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會(huì)使工程師了
If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)來這里了。

②從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。如：
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)派他去北京了。
If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識(shí)她的話，他肯定會(huì)去問候她了。

③從句的動(dòng)作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：
If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦公室了。

(3) 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有 were, should, had 時(shí)，if 可省略，而將 were, should, had等詞置于句首。如：
Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。
Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。
Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識(shí)的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了

(4) 有時(shí)，句子沒有直接給出假設(shè)情況的條件，而須通過上下文或其他方式來判斷。如：
I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。
But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會(huì)在工作呢。
Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)取得如此大的進(jìn)步。

(5) 有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來表示說話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。
①省略從句
He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你應(yīng)該會(huì)通過這次考試了。

②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。

二、其他狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，若用虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)為： should + 動(dòng)詞原形。并且 should 不能省略
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。

He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。

(2) 在 so that, in order that 所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)為：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動(dòng)詞原形。如(from www.yygrammar.com)：
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能挺得更清楚。

He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個(gè)單詞。

2. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1) 在 even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與 if 所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：
Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。

Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。

(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：
① may +動(dòng)詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：
We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時(shí)完成。

We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無(wú)論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。

I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會(huì)等他。

② may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：
You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲(from www.yygrammar.com)。

We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻過什么錯(cuò)誤，我們必須尊敬他。

(3) 在though, although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 should +動(dòng)詞原形，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：
Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個(gè)好學(xué)生。

Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 盡管他是書記，他也必須遵守規(guī)定。

3. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為下圖所示。
例如：
They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他們開始熱烈的談?wù)撈饋砭秃孟袼麄円严嗷フJ(rèn)識(shí)很久了。
He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。

4. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的狀語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：
① should + 原形動(dòng)詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：
He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對(duì)他直呼其名。

I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡(jiǎn)單的問題。

② should + 完成式, 指過去。如：
I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。

I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃驚，父親竟指導(dǎo)我昨天所作的事情